Creative Machines

Creativity is defined by its products: objects or experiences that are novel and of value.

Thinkers continue to debate what defines creativity, but many researchers in the fields of creativity research and computational creativity agree that a creative process is any method that yields a product that is novel and valuable. The novelty requirement excludes slight variations on existing works. The value element means that a creation is made purposefully: For example, putting a collection of random ingredients into the oven does not mean you have invented a groundbreaking recipe. A product’s value may come from its usefulness, or its ability to provide enjoyment or an emotional experience — the way that art and music do.

Although humans often think of themselves as a uniquely creative species, nothing in the definitions of novelty and value limits creativity to humans. Plants and animals possess many of the same capabilities humans pride themselves on — including altruism, tool use, and problem-solving. They also possess creativity. Bowerbirds, for example, gather colorful stones, shells, flowers, and even trash to create artistic arrangements that attract mates. By defining...